What can be a consequence of apical dominance?

Apical dominance is a phenomenon where the main central stem of the plant grows more strongly than other side stems, which are often inhibited in their growth due to the presence of auxins produced in the apical bud. This leads to a dominance hierarchy where the main shoot becomes the primary growth point, suppressing the lateral branches.

As a consequence of apical dominance, altered growth patterns in branches can occur. When apical growth is dominant, the lateral branches may grow more slowly or remain less developed compared to the main stem. This leads to a tree with a distinctive central leader and a more pyramidal or conical shape. If apical dominance is disrupted, perhaps through pruning or damage to the leader, lateral branches may become more vigorous and begin to grow more freely.

This alteration in branch growth can affect the overall structure and form of the tree, influencing factors such as light exposure, branching angles, and space utilization below the canopy. A tree exhibiting strong apical dominance typically results in a less complex branching system, affecting not only its aesthetic appearance but also its ecological interactions and overall health.