Which term describes outward signs of possible internal defects?

The term that describes outward signs of possible internal defects is “defect indicators.” These indicators are visible manifestations on a tree that suggest there may be underlying issues affecting its health or structural integrity. Examples of defect indicators include unusual growth patterns, signs of decay, cracks in branches or the trunk, fruiting bodies of fungi, or cankers. Recognizing these signs is critical for arborists, as they can help assess the tree's overall condition and determine what management practices may be necessary to mitigate potential risks.

Understanding defect indicators is essential for effective tree management, as they can inform decisions regarding pruning, cabling, or even tree removal. Conversely, site conditions, response growth, and environmental factors are all important considerations in tree health but do not specifically refer to the visible signs that indicate internal issues. Site conditions pertain to the geographical and physical environment in which the tree grows, response growth relates to how a tree may compensate for damage or stress, and environmental factors involve external elements affecting growth, such as soil quality and climate. These concepts, while valuable in the broader context of arboriculture, do not specifically describe the outward manifestations of internal defects as accurately as defect indicators do.